Kidney diseases

 Article 2

Kidney diseases

In the previous article, describe the anatomy and physiology of the human kidney

It can be learned about the function of the kidneys and it is clear that the human

kidney mainly filtersextra water and wastes out of the blood and make urine.

Simply put, kidney disease is damage to the kidneys and the inability to filter 

blood properly. People with diabetes or high blood pressure are at higher risk

of developing kidney disease. Accordingly, several conditions can be associated

            with kidney disease

         ·         Acute renal failur

             Acute renal failure (AKI) is a condition caused by a sudden decrease in the level

            of kidney function. It is a condition caused by a sudden decrease in the level of

            kidney function by about 50%. This condition can usually be cured in a few days

            or weeks. It is most often caused by 'stress' on the kidneys caused by problems in

            other parts of the body than diseases starting in the kidneys. Infection,

            Dehydration, Drugs especially pain killers, Blockages in the flow of urine, 

            Surgery, and Chronic kidney disease, are the risk factors for acute renal failure.

           The common symptoms are decreased urine output, Fluid retention, causing

           swelling in legs, ankles, or feet, Shortness of breath, Fatigue, Confusion,

           Nausea, Weakness, and Irregular heartbeat.

•     Chronic kidney disease.

           The most common form of kidney disease is chronic kidney disease. Chronic

           kidney disease is often referred to as a chronic condition that does not 

           improve over time due to high blood pressure. High blood pressure also

           increases the pressure on the glomeruli. The small blood vessels in the 

           kidneys that cleanse the blood are called Glomeruli. Increased blood pressure 

           over time damages these glomeruli and reduces kidney function. Diabetes is 

           also a major cause of chronic kidney disease. Because the increase in blood

           sugar causes damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys over time. Therefore,

           the kidneys cannot purify the blood properly. After that Extratoxins in the 

           body can lead to kidney failure. The common chronic kidney disease symptoms

           are fatigue, difficulty concentrating, trouble sleeping, poor appetite muscle

           cramping, swollen feet and ankles, and puffiness around the eyes.

     ·         Pyelonephritis

           Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of the kidneys, usually caused by Escherichia

           coli bacterial infection. Risk factors for this disease include sexual intercourse, 

           pre-urinary tract infections, diabetes, structural problems of the urinary tract, and

           the use of spermicide use. The most common symptoms are fever and flank

           tenderness and other symptoms may include nausea, burning with urination,

           and frequent urination.  Pyelonephritis can be prevented by urinating and

           drinking enough fluids after sexual intercourse.

•  Kidney stones

          Kidney stones are another common kidney disease. This condition is caused by the

          crystallization of minerals and other substances in the blood and the formation of

          solid lumps in the kidneys. Removal of kidney stones is a painful surgery. Larger

          kidney stones can cause symptoms, including, pain in the side of the tummy 

          (abdomen) or groin, men may have pain in their testicles, high temperature, 

          feeling sweaty, severe pain that comes and goes, feeling sick or vomiting, 

          blood in the urine, and urine infection

•    Glomerulonephritis

          Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition of glomerulonephritis, a very

          small structure in the blood-filtering kidneys. It can be caused by infections, 

          medications, or birth 

defects that occur at or shortly after birth. The common 

          symptoms are Pink or cola-colored urine from red blood cells in urine (hematuria),

          bubbly urine due to excess protein in the urine (proteinuria), High blood pressure,

          swelling in the hands, feet, and abdomen due to Fluid retention, Urinating less

          than usual and Nausea and vomiting

•       Polycystic kidney disease

          Is known as polycystic kidney disease as a genetic disorder. There, small fluid sacs

          grow in the kidneys. These cysts interfere with kidney function and cause kidney

          failure. This is a serious medical condition. Polycystic kidney disease symptoms are 

          High blood pressure, Back or side pain, blood in urine, A feeling of fullness in the

          abdomen, Increased size of the abdomen due to enlarged kidneys, Headaches,

          Kidney stones, and Kidney failure.

•       Kidney cancer

          Kidney cancer or renal cancer is a disease in which kidney cells become malignant

          (cancer) and grow out of control and form a tumor. Renal cell carcinoma is the most

          common type of kidney cancer. It is not yet known what causes most kidney cancers.

          Factors that can increase the risk of kidney cancer are Older age, Smoking, Obesity,

          High blood pressure, Treatment for kidney failure, Certain inherited syndromes, and

          Family history of kidney cancer. Some signs and symptoms of kidney cancer are

          blood in the urine (hematuria), Low back pain on one side, a mass (lump) on the side 

          or lower back, Fatigue (tiredness), Loss of appetite, Weight loss, Fever that is not 

          caused by an infection and that doesn't go away.

          This article discussed the most common kidney disease conditions,  clinical features,

          and risk factors, and in future articles, diagnostic tests and treatments for these kidney

          diseases will be presented.